The Treaty of Versailles (ended WWI)

The Treaty of Versailles heavily affected the Germany because it punished them severly. The Treaty of Versailled used Germany as a scapegoat by putting the blame for World War I on them.
The Treaty of Versailles made Germany pay for reparations for the war, and they took territory from them such as Alsace-Lorraine.
The Treaty of Versailles is belived to have sparked the anger in Germany to start Wold War II. It is known as one of the main causes for WWII. many histroians say that the Treaty was not fair fair becuase WWI was not all Germany's fault but everyone's fault. They aslo say that it was easy to blame Germany because they were known for being ruthless army heads.
The Treaty of Versailles left the German people with no homes, a poor army which made them insecure, and with a lot of anger. They were also no allowed to go into the league of nations and were forced to live under the rules of other people which they resented.
Hitler was easy to accept after this becuase Hitler kept on promising the people that they would get revenge. Hitler came in at the right time when peolple needed someone to lead them make their country as good as it was before. Hitler took advantage of his power.
As you can see, the Treaty of Versailles did have a big negative impact on the people of Germany. It left them ruined and a really good reason to start yet another war. This is also thought to be why Hitler was so easily accepted.

Mustafa Kamal

Secular - of or pertaining to worldly things or to things that are not regarded as religious, spiritual, or sacred; temporal.

Mustafa Kamal made many reforms to his country. Turkey was at first under the control of the ottoman empire. When the ottoman empire was crumbling down, he took advantage of it and started to fight back.
Mustafa Kemal made his country go through many reforms. One important reform that took place was the secular reofrm. This means that everything became seperated from religious means. It does not mean that they were athiest, but they didn't want their government or institsutions based on religion.
Many reforms took place such where as old concepts and ideas were taken out and new ideas were accepted. Turkey's economy improved much better because they changed their system. More woman were allowed to vote becuase of the reforms.

Ghandi and Indian Independence

Ghandi helped India by doing acts of non-violence. He was doing what was called civil disobedience. He boycotted products that came from Britain, which slowly but efectivley hurt Britain.
Ghandi beleived that by receiving all the blows from Britain and giving back none, that the British would see the evil that they were doing as the rest the rest of the world. The massacre is the best example that made the British look evil and they realized what they were doing was bad.
I think that the Indian independence would have happened anyways. Ghandi was a very big help but there were also other people that led India to Independence.
Great Britain were in World War I at the time and they often used many Indians to help their side.